How to outline a novel, one card at a time.

Many novelists plan with index cards: one scene to a card, a single line on each, shuffled on a table or a corkboard until the order works. It works because a card is too small for anything but the point of a scene, and because you can see the whole book at once and move it around with your hands.

Eight steps.

  1. Write the whole book in a sentence.

    Who wants what, and what stands in the way? “A woman finds her missing father’s boat with its name painted out, and has to decide how much she wants to know.” It will change. It only has to point the right way for now.

  2. Make a card for every scene you already know.

    Give each a title and one line: who’s there, what they want, and what’s different by the end. Don’t sort them yet, and don’t worry about the gaps. Ten cards is a fine start; a novel ends up with many more.

  3. Find the big turns.

    Spread the cards out and pull forward the few that change everything: where it starts, the point of no return, the middle that turns it around, the worst moment, the end. Whether you call that three acts or something else matters less than knowing where those cards sit.

  4. Colour by point of view or thread.

    Give each viewpoint character, or each plot thread, its own colour. Long runs of one colour, or a character who vanishes for a hundred pages, show up at a glance in a way they never do in a document.

  5. Fill the gaps with blank cards.

    Between two turns there’s usually something missing. Add a card with a title like “Nell finds out where Tom has been” and mark it To Do. You don’t need to know how yet.

  6. Group the cards into chapters.

    Gather the scenes that belong together. A chapter often ends on a question; if one doesn’t, try moving its last card to the start of the next.

  7. Read the synopses straight through.

    Read the one-liners in order, as if they were the story told very fast. Wherever you get bored or lost, a reader will too. Move, cut or add cards until the quick version makes sense.

  8. Start writing, anywhere.

    Pick the card you most want to write. As you draft, update each card’s line to match what really happened. The outline should stay true to the book, not the other way round.

One chapter, as cards.

Here’s the first chapter of a sample novel, coloured by point of view: blue for Nell, green for Tom, purple for Ruth, yellow for a flashback. Switch to Outline to read the synopses straight through, as in step seven.

The Weight of Small Boats / Manuscript / The Slipway

Show the chapter as

The Slipway

The tide had gone out further than Nell had ever seen it, as if the whole channel had drawn a breath and was holding it.

Her father’s dinghy lay on the slipway with its bow turned to the town. Someone had hauled it up past the weed line and chocked it with two bricks, neatly, the way you’d leave a thing you meant to come back for. The oars were gone. So was the name.

She crouched by the transom. Where Margaret had been, in her father’s careful white capitals, there was a square of fresh grey paint, still tacky under her thumb.

‘You’ll leave a print,’ said a voice behind her.

Nell didn’t turn round. She knew the voice, and she knew that Ruth Calloway had been standing there long enough to watch her decide whether to cry.

‘Who painted it?’

‘Not me.’ Ruth’s boots came down the ramp, slow on the green boards. ‘Found her drifting off Bruny on Thursday. Oars shipped. Nobody aboard.’ A pause. ‘I’m sorry, love.’

The water, a long way off, made a small sound against the rocks, the sound of something being put down carefully.

Nell pressed her thumb into the grey paint until it came away clean, and under it, faint as a vein, a letter that wasn’t an M.

Ruth kept the harbour office the way other people kept a diary: every boat in, every boat out, the weather in the margin. Nell had grown up reading it upside down across the desk.

Thursday’s page said only Margaret, found adrift, 7.40 a.m., towed in. The handwriting was steady. The ink was not quite the same blue as the rest.

‘You wrote this later,’ Nell said.

Ruth closed the book. ‘I wrote it when I had time.’

It took the whole afternoon and most of a tin of stripper. The grey came off in soft curls, then her father’s white, then a blue she’d never seen on any boat of his.

The second name was shorter. Four letters, done by someone in a hurry, the last one trailing off the edge of the plank.

She sat back on her heels and read it twice, and then she went to find a phone.

Tom came off the last ferry with one bag and the look he’d worn since he was nine, the look that said whatever this was, it had started without him.

‘Two days,’ Nell said.

‘The roads were shut.’ He looked past her at the slipway. ‘Is that her?’

‘That’s her.’

He didn’t go down. He lit a cigarette instead, cupping it against a wind that wasn’t there, and Nell understood that he had already decided not to be sorry about anything until he’d been told what it was.

They made the list on the back of a tide table, because it was the only paper in the shed.

One oar, the left. One oilskin coat, the old yellow one. The good torch. Their father’s reading glasses, which he never took out on the water.

‘That’s not missing,’ Tom said, when she wrote the last line. ‘That’s just something you think.’

She left it on the list anyway: one lie.

  1. Low tide

    Revised Draft

    Nell finds her father’s dinghy hauled up on the slipway with its name painted out.

    Nell218 words

  2. The harbourmaster

    First Draft

    Ruth says the boat was found drifting off Bruny Island, oars shipped, nobody aboard.

    Ruth77 words

  3. Paint

    First Draft

    Scraping the hull, Nell finds a second name under the first.

    Nell75 words

  4. Last ferry

    First Draft

    Tom arrives two days too late and not the least bit sorry.

    Tom88 words

  5. Inventory

    In Progress

    They list what’s missing from the shed: one oar, one coat, one lie.

    Nell71 words

  6. What Ruth knows

    To Do

    Ruth recognises the second name, and changes the subject.

    Ruth0 words

  7. 1987

    To Do

    Their father, young, rows out to meet a boat that isn’t on any chart.

    Flashback0 words

  8. Night crossing

    To Do

    Tom takes the dinghy out alone, without a light.

    Tom0 words

The Slipway: scenes with synopsis, status and word count
TitleSynopsisStatusWords
Low tideNell finds her father’s dinghy hauled up on the slipway with its name painted out.Revised Draft218
The harbourmasterRuth says the boat was found drifting off Bruny Island, oars shipped, nobody aboard.First Draft77
PaintScraping the hull, Nell finds a second name under the first.First Draft75
Last ferryTom arrives two days too late and not the least bit sorry.First Draft88
InventoryThey list what’s missing from the shed: one oar, one coat, one lie.In Progress71
What Ruth knowsRuth recognises the second name, and changes the subject.To Do0
1987Their father, young, rows out to meet a boat that isn’t on any chart.To Do0
Night crossingTom takes the dinghy out alone, without a light.To Do0
8 scenes529

A sample novel, written for this page. In Wryte, the same three views work on any folder.

A novel outline template.

Copy this onto real cards, into a notebook, or into whatever you write in.

On each card

  • Scene title
  • Whose point of view
  • What they want here
  • What gets in the way
  • What’s different by the end

The turns to find

  • The opening: life before
  • The point of no return
  • The middle: the turn that changes the question
  • The worst moment
  • The climax
  • The ending: life after

For writers who’d rather discover it.

If planning ahead kills the story for you, outline afterwards. Write the draft, then make a card for each scene you actually wrote. Laid out together, the cards show you what the book really is: where it sags, what repeats, what’s missing. Use them as your revision plan.

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In Wryte

Doing it in Wryte.

In Wryte, every scene in the Contents sidebar is also a card. Click a chapter and choose Cards to see them pinned to cork, write each synopsis on its card, colour them in Details, and drag them to reorder the chapter. Outline lists the same synopses so you can read them straight through, and Read Through shows the scenes you’ve written as one continuous text.

Because each card is the scene itself, moving a card moves the scene in your draft.

Wryte for novelists

Already have a draft?

Bring it in from Word, RTF or plain text, and carry on.

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